This is intended to eventually replace the CircleCI-based checks we use
as part of the PR process in this repository. We're already using GitHub
Actions for various other processes in this repository, so this change is
motivated by consistency of having all of our automation running in the
same system and written in the same language.

This is not a complete replacement for our CircleCI workflow yet, and
probably won't ever be because the CircleCI workflow contains some steps
that are arguably redundant with other processes we follow elsewhere.
However, the CircleCI workflow remains for now and won't be removed until
we're satisfied that enough of it is replicated by this GitHub Actions
workflow.