This PR removes locking around commonly accessed node attributes that do
not need to be locked. The locking could cause nodes to TTL as the
heartbeat code path was acquiring a lock that could be held for an
excessively long time. An example of this is when Vault is inaccessible,
since the fingerprint is run with a lock held but the Vault
fingerprinter makes the API calls with a large timeout.

Fixes https://github.com/hashicorp/nomad/issues/2689